Her formal education was limited, instead, she was taught the essentials of courtly life, such as dress, appearance and the correct behaviour of a lady. [220], Marie-Antoinette is also known for her taste for fine things, and her commissions from famous craftsmen, such as Jean-Henri Riesener, suggest more about her enduring legacy as a woman of taste and patronage. [10] At the age of 10 she could not write correctly in German or in any language commonly used at court, such as French or Italian,[4] and conversations with her were stilted. She had private tutors and lived in large palaces in Austria. 1 Biography 2 Appearances 3 Trivia 4 Gallery Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755 in Vienna. Judged by the Parlement, Rohan was found innocent of any wrongdoing and allowed to leave the Bastille. The main actors in the scandal were Cardinal de Rohan, prince de Rohan-Guéméné, Great Almoner of France, and Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy, Comtesse de La Motte, a descendant of an illegitimate child of Henry II of France of the House of Valois. Marie Antoinette was instrumental in the reinstatement of Jacques Necker as Finance Minister on 26 August, a popular move, even though she herself was worried that it would go against her if Necker proved unsuccessful in reforming the country's finances. The Assembly then passed a series of laws concerning the Church, the aristocracy, and the formation of new national guard units; all were vetoed by Louis XVI. [126], The death of the Dauphin on 4 June, which deeply affected his parents, was virtually ignored by the French people,[127] who were instead preparing for the next meeting of the Estates-General and hoping for a resolution to the bread crisis. She was Louis XV's mistress and had considerable political influence over him. When she woke up just before noon, he had been at work for hours. Marie Antoinette was born in Austria, the 15th of 16 children born to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria Theresa. After Madame Roland sent a letter to the king denouncing the queen's role in these matters, urged by the queen, Louis XVI disbanded[citation needed] the government, thus losing his majority in the Assembly. Her childhood was relatively carefree and her education focused mainly on moral and religious principles while her brothers pursued more academic subjects. The play was a disaster for the image of the monarchy and aristocracy. [84] In 2016, the Telegraph's Henry Samuel announced that researchers at France's Research Centre for the Conservation of Collections (CRCC), "using cutting-edge x-ray and different infrared scanners," had deciphered a letter from her that proved the affair. The comment was supposedly made by Marie-Thérèse, a Spanish princess who married King Louis XIV in 1660. [39] In her correspondence, Marie Antoinette's mother, Maria Theresa, expressed concern over her daughter's spending habits, citing the civil unrest it was beginning to cause.[40]. In 1770 she was instrumental in ousting Étienne François, Duc de Choiseul, who had helped orchestrate the Franco-Austrian alliance and Marie Antoinette's marriage,[21] and in exiling his sister, the duchess de Gramont, one of Marie Antoinette's ladies-in-waiting. He was never officially king, nor did he rule. Leaving the tower she bumped her head against the lintel of a door, which prompted one of her guards to ask her if she was hurt, to which she answered, "No! The remark is generally traced back several decades to a version involving “la croûte de pâté” (another kind of French pastry). [5] Maria Antonia was raised together with her sister, Maria Carolina, who was three years older, and with whom she had a lifelong close relationship. [118][119] Around the same time, Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy escaped from prison and fled to London, where she published damaging slander concerning her supposed amorous affair with the queen. [131] It thus met at the tennis court in Versailles and took the Tennis Court Oath not to separate before it had given a constitution to the nation. [200] She and her lawyers were given less than one day to prepare her defense. Marie Antoinette was born on November 2, 1755, in Vienna, Austria. On 5 October, a crowd from Paris descended upon Versailles and forced the royal family to move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris, where they lived under a form of house arrest under the watch of Lafayette's Garde Nationale, while the Comte de Provence and his wife were allowed to reside in the Petit Luxembourg, where they remained until they went into exile on 20 June 1791. In May 1770, she set out for France to be married, escorted by 57 carriages, 117 footmen and 376 horses. For instance, a writing table attributed to Riesener, now located at Waddesdon Manor, bears witness to Marie-Antoinette's desire to escape the oppressive formality of court life, when she decided to move the table from the Queen's boudoir de la Meridienne at Versailles to her humble interior, the Petit Trianon. More than that, the decree by de Ségur, the minister of war, requiring four quarterings of nobility as a condition for the appointment of officers, blocked the access of commoners to important positions in the armed forces, challenging the concept of equality, one of the main grievances and causes of the French Revolution. Several months before, in January 1793, the radical new republic placed King Louis XVI on trial, convicted him of treason and condemned him to death. [197] She was attended by Rosalie Lamorlière, who took care of her as much as she could. She became a symbol of the excesses of the monarchy and is often credited with the famous quote "Let them eat cake," although there is no evidence she actually said it. Marie Antoinette's four live-born children were: Marie Antoinette began to abandon her more carefree activities to become increasingly involved in politics in her role as Queen of France. She did participate in the King Council, the first queen to do this in over 175 years (since Marie de' Medici had been named Chef du Conseil du Roi, between 1614 and 1617), and she was making the major decisions behind the scene and in the Royal Council. She put on a plain white dress, white being the color worn by widowed queens of France. This led in turn to a French declaration of war in April 1792, which led to the French Revolutionary Wars and to the events of August 1792, which ended the monarchy. Beginning in 1780, Marie Antoinette began spending more and more time at the Petit Trianon, her private castle on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles, almost always without the king. [95], On 24 October 1784, putting the baron de Breteuil in charge of its acquisition, Louis XVI bought the Château de Saint-Cloud from the duc d'Orléans in the name of his wife, which she wanted due to their expanding family. On the way to the capital they were jeered and insulted by the people as never before. He is best known for contributing to the decline of royal authority that led to the French Revolution in 1789. She has been the subject of a number of books, films, and other media. Marie Antoinette was the last queen of France before the French Revolution. [137][138], In the days following the storming of the Bastille, for fear of assassination, and ordered by the king, the emigration of members of the high aristocracy began on 17 July with the departure of the comte d'Artois, the Condés, cousins of the king,[139] and the unpopular Polignacs. https://www.biography.com/royalty/marie-antoinette. [88] Its creation, however, caused another uproar when its cost became widely known. Her real name is “Maria Antonia Joanna”. At least 300,000 persons participated from all over France, including 18,000 national guards, with Talleyrand, bishop of Autun, celebrating a mass at the autel de la Patrie ("altar of the fatherland"). Like many born into a royalty, she had a lengthy name…she had a lengthy name…MariaAntonia Josepha Joanna. The Brunswick Manifesto, issued on 25 July 1792, triggered the events of 10 August[183] when the approach of an armed mob on its way to the Tuileries Palace forced the royal family to seek refuge at the Legislative Assembly. The queen's political ideas and her belief in the absolute power of monarchs were based on France's long-established tradition of the divine right of kings. Court life in Vienna was relaxed; she mingled with many children, including commoners. A second daughter, her last child, Marie Sophie Hélène Béatrix, Madame Sophie, was born on 9 July 1786 and lived only eleven months until 19 June 1787. A thief posing as Marie Antoinette had obtained a 647-diamond necklace and smuggled it to London to be sold off in pieces. [7][53][54] The child's paternity was contested in the libelles, as were all her children's. Biography; Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette. The onus of having caused the financial difficulties of the nation was placed on her shoulders by the revolutionary tribunal,[218] and under the new republican ideas of what it meant to be a member of a nation, her Austrian descent and continued correspondence with the competing nation made her a traitor. [20], Madame du Barry proved a troublesome foe to the new dauphine. (En une seule nuit ils étaient devenus blancs comme ceux d'une femme de soixante-dix ans. Marie-Antoinette was the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa. There were and still claims that the two were romantically involved,[83] but since most of their correspondence has been lost or destroyed, there is no conclusive evidence. [81], In June 1783, Marie Antoinette's new pregnancy was announced, but on the night of 1–2 November, her 28th birthday, she suffered a miscarriage. In 1785, an infamous diamond-necklace scandal permanently tarnished the queen's reputation. There have been two Marie Antoinette biopic movies. She was the youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg Empire, and her husband Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. At the same time, Marie Antoinette has also been exalted as a pinnacle of fashion and beauty, with obsessive scholarship on her choices in wardrobe and jewelry and endless speculation about her extramarital love life. [176] In addition, at the insistence of his wife, Louis XVI vetoed several measures that would have further restricted his power, earning the royal couple the nicknames "Monsieur Veto" and "Madame Veto",[177][178] nicknames then prominently featured in different contexts, including La Carmagnole. The first meeting took place on 22 February 1787, nine days after the death of Vergennes on 13 February. Many French people were beginning to blame her for the degrading economic situation, suggesting the country's inability to pay off its debt was the result of her wasting the crown's money. [75] During the Kettle War, in which her brother Joseph attempted to open the Scheldt River for naval passage, Marie Antoinette succeeded in obliging Vergennes to pay huge financial compensation to Austria. He was introverted, shy and indecisive, a lover of solitary pleasures such as reading and metalwork; she was vivacious, outgoing and bold, a social butterfly who loved gambling, partying and extravagant fashions. [121] The May Edicts issued on 8 May 1788 were also opposed by the public and parliament. In 1770 she married Louis XVI (1754–1793). She sang during the family's evening gatherings, as she had a beautiful voice. This page was last edited on 25 March 2021, at 04:47. On 10 May 1774, her husband ascended the throne as Louis XVI and she became queen. A further ceremonial wedding took place on 16 May 1770 in the Palace of Versailles and, after the festivities, the day ended with the ritual bedding. On November 2, 1755, Marie Antoinette was born to Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress and German Queen. He was married to Marie Antoinette and was executed for treason by guillotine in 1793. supprimés ou omis par Courtois...", "The Many Bodies of Marie Antoinette: Political Pornography and the Problem of the Feminine in the French Revolution", "Celebrating Marie-Antoinette on her birthday", "Marie Antoinette's silk slipper fetches US$50,000 at auction", Story of Marie Antoinette with Primary Sources, Marie Antoinette's official Versailles profile, Online catalog of Marie Antoinette's personal reading library, Celebrating Marie-Antoinette blog article, Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands, Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania, Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Eleanor, Queen of Poland, Duchess of Lorraine, Maria Anna Josepha, Electoral Princess of the Palatinate, Maria Clementina, Hereditary Princess of Naples, Margaretha Klementine, Princess of Thurn and Taxis, Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz, Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio, Catherine, Duchess of Mantua and Montferrat, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and Sicily, Auguste Ferdinande, Princess Luitpold of Bavaria, Maria Theresa, Archduchess Charles Stephen of Austria, Karoline Marie, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Maria Immaculata, Nobile Inigo Neri Sereneri, Agnes, Princess Karl Alfred of Liechtenstein, Princess Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria-Este, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Antoinette&oldid=1014100279, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, People executed for treason against France, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2011, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from August 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2019, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [227], In addition to her biological children, Marie Antoinette adopted four children: "Armand" Francois-Michel Gagné (c. 1771–1792), a poor orphan adopted in 1776; Jean Amilcar (c. 1781–1793), a Senegalese slave boy given to the queen as a present by Chevalier de Boufflers in 1787, but whom she instead had freed, baptized, adopted and placed in a pension; Ernestine Lambriquet (1778–1813), daughter of two servants at the palace, who was raised as the playmate of her daughter and whom she adopted after the death of her mother in 1788; and finally "Zoe" Jeanne Louise Victoire (1787-? As time went on, these came to focus more and more on the Queen. In a plot hatched primarily by Marie Antoinette and her lover, Count Axel von Fersen, the royal family attempted to escape France in June 1791, but they were captured and returned to Paris. [85], Around this time, pamphlets describing farcical sexual deviance including the Queen and her friends in the court were growing in popularity around the country. The first came out in 1938 and stars Norma Shearer in the title role, with Robert Morley as the king and Tyrone Power as the queen’s lover. [124][125], On the eve of the opening of the Estates-General, the queen attended the mass celebrating its return. The moderate government collapsed in April 1792 to be replaced by a radical majority headed by the Girondins. [146] Despite her dislike of him, she played a decisive role in his return to the office. [67], In 1783, the queen played a decisive role in the nomination of Charles Alexandre de Calonne, a close friend of the Polignacs, as Controller-General of Finances, and of the baron de Breteuil as the Minister of the Royal Household, making him perhaps the strongest and most conservative minister of the reign. So Empress Maria Theresa immediately dispatched her son, Marie Antoinette's older brother Joseph II, to France to act as a sort of marriage counselor. Christian burial of the royal remains took place three days later, on 21 January, in the necropolis of French kings at the Basilica of St Denis. She stayed in this position until her demise in 1793. Louis when she was 15, in 1770. On January 21, 1793, he was dragged to the guillotine and executed. [152] An agreement was reached turning Mirabeau into one of her political allies: Marie Antoinette promised to pay him 6000 livres per month and one million if he succeeded in his mission to restore the king's authority. [228] On the other hand, both the king and the queen trusted Mme de Polignac completely, gave her a thirteen-room apartment in Versailles and paid her well. When Mice Ruled the Earth (Cameo, flashback) France France Revolution She had played a decisive role in the disgrace of the reformer ministers of finance, Turgot (in 1776), and Jacques Necker (first dismissal in 1781). Images of Marie Antoinette One of a number of Yahoo Groups moderated by Axel, the author of our biography and diamond necklace articles. Monarchy Forum Until her removal from the Temple, Marie Antoinette spent hours trying to catch a glimpse of her son, who, within weeks, had been made to turn against her, accusing his mother of wrongdoing. [132][133][134] At the news, Paris was besieged by riots that culminated in the storming of the Bastille on 14 July. [citation needed] On 18 April, as the royal family prepared to leave for Saint-Cloud to attend Easter mass celebrated by a refractory priest, a crowd, soon joined by the Garde Nationale (disobeying Lafayette's orders), prevented their departure from Paris, prompting Marie Antoinette to declare to Lafayette that she and her family were no longer free. [214] Her head was one of which Marie Tussaud was employed to make death masks. Queen, and Finally a Mother. In 1778 Marie gave birth to her first child, a girl, and in 1781 the much … She wanted to be able to own her own property. [citation needed], After Louis' execution, Marie Antoinette's fate became a central question of the National Convention. Unlike her husband, who had been taken to his execution in a carriage (carrosse), she had to sit in an open cart (charrette) for the hour it took to convey her from the Conciergerie via the rue Saint-Honoré thoroughfare to reach the guillotine erected in the Place de la Révolution (the present-day Place de la Concorde). Throughout her imprisonment and up to her execution, Marie Antoinette could count on the sympathy of conservative factions and social-religious groups which had turned against the Revolution, and also on wealthy individuals ready to bribe republican officials to facilitate her escape;[192] These plots all failed. Marie-Antoinette - wife of King Louis XVI. As consort to Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette was beheaded nine months after her husband by order of the Revolutionary tribunal. A significant achievement of Marie Antoinette in that period was the establishment of an alliance with Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau, the most important lawmaker in the assembly. Marie Antoinette is perhaps best known for the quote, "Let them eat cake." It inspired Mozart's Le Nozze di Figaro, which premiered in Vienna on 1 May 1786. Both of these takes on Marie Antoinette's character demonstrate the tendency, as prevalent today as it was in her own time, to depict her life and death as symbolic of the downfall of European monarchies in the face of global revolution. Her head was affixed on a pike and paraded through the city to the Temple for the queen to see. During the trip, Barnave, the representative of the moderate party in the Assembly, protected Marie Antoinette from the crowds, and even Pétion took pity on the royal family. Louis XVII was recognized by royalists as the King of France from 1793, when he was 8, until his death in 1795. Mirabeau sincerely wanted to reconcile the queen with the people, and she was happy to see him restoring much of the king's powers, such as his authority over foreign policy, and the right to declare war. This resulted in the queen being viewed as an enemy, although she was personally against Austrian claims to French territories on European soil. "[48] He disclosed to Leopold that the inexperienced—then still only 22-year-old—Louis XVI had confided in him the course of action he had been undertaking in their marital bed; saying Louis XVI "introduces the member," but then "stays there without moving for about two minutes," withdraws without having completed the act and "bids goodnight. )[166], After their return from Varennes and until the storming of the Tuileries on 10 August 1792, the queen, her family and entourage were held under tight surveillance by the Garde Nationale in the Tuileries, where the royal couple was guarded night and day. The wife of King Louis XVI, the queen from 1774 to 1791, she led a controversial life being very fond of luxury in a time of economic crisis and Revolution in France. Eventually, Marie Antoinette's reputation was no better than that of the favorites of previous kings. The primary motive for the queen's involvement in political affairs in this period may arguably have more to do with court factionalism than any true interest on her part in politics themselves,[66] but she played an important role in aiding the American Revolution by securing Austrian and Russian support for France, which resulted in the establishment of a neutral league that stopped Great Britain's attack, and by weighing indecisively for the nomination of Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur as Minister of War and Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix, marquis de Castries as Secretary of the Navy in 1780, who helped George Washington to defeat the British in the American Revolutionary War, which ended in 1783. ), Class Name Rider(ライダー, Raidā? With the conclusion of the Seven Years' War in 1763, the preservation of a fragile alliance between Austria and France became a priority for Empress Maria Theresa; cementing alliances through matrimonial connections was a common practice among European royal families at the time. At least once she received a visit by a Catholic priest. Biography, Facts & Quotes (Great Biographies Book 26) - Kindle edition by Hour, The History. While imprisoned in the Tower of the Temple, Marie Antoinette, her children, and Élisabeth were insulted, some of the guards going as far as blowing smoke in the ex-queen's face. Marie Antoinette, who had insisted on the arrest of the Cardinal, was dealt a heavy personal blow, as was the monarchy, and despite the fact that the guilty parties were tried and convicted, the affair proved to be extremely damaging to her reputation, which never recovered from it. [72], A second visit from Joseph II, which took place in July 1781 to reaffirm the Franco-Austrian alliance and also to see his sister, was tainted by false rumours[56] that Marie Antoinette was sending money to him from the French treasury. Marie Antoinette was born Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna in Austria as the 15th child of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa. Marie Antoinette was the 15th and second to last child of Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. Her mother was Maria Theresa the ruler of the Habsburg Empire. She was also Marie Antoinette’s mother. [80] De Mercy wrote to the Empress: "It is almost unexampled that in so short a time, the royal favor should have brought such overwhelming advantages to a family". [217], For many revolutionary figures, Marie Antoinette was the symbol of what was wrong with the old regime in France. 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